Heavy Metal Toxicity in Plants: An Overview on Tolerance Mechanisms and Management Strategies

Heavy metals are one of the factors that pollute environment and significantly affect soil fertility, plant physiology, development, productivity. The tolerance plants to toxicity depends on species tissue, element type, duration exposure stress. Some special signal molecules such as nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), beneficial ions, hyperaccumulating plants, stress hormones, nanoparticles, organic compounds, microbial applications can be recommended alleviate effects caused by toxic heavy in plants. Induction other promising techniques like seed priming, active involvement growth regulator, use osmoprotectants, successful microbes’ crosstalk recent utilization nanoparticles worth using strategies mitigation metal These practices effectively regulate activities antioxidant enzymes for alleviation creditably improving via preserving cell homeostasis amending adversative inventive offer an enriched understanding how boost crop productivity under order decrease risk global food security.